• 作者： 劉英茂
• 作者服務機構： 國立臺灣大學心理學系
• 中文摘要： 當呈現一個項目時，受試者不但在複誦該項目，而且在試圖（a)想起曾經呈現過的項目，或者根據已有關係來建立高層次記憶指標，藉以和曾經呈現過的項目能有所接觸，並（b）想起前一列表的記億上指標來分辨本列表與前一列表項目。這種項目間歷程可以用來預測：由於操弄前後列表及主要列表的組織，前位效果（前列項目較易被回憶的現象）受其影響。三個實驗的結果都在支持此預測。這些發現均可根據一個主要假設加以推演：若一個項目在接受更多項目之後被複誦到，則在以後的回憶測驗上被回憶的機會亦隨之增大。此假設不但隱含前位效果，而且能預測似乎互相矛盾的其他發現。
• 英文摘要： When an item is presented, it is assumed that an individual not only rehearses that item but alsoattempts (a) to retrieve a certain number of preceding items or to retrieve most preceding items by con-structing a higher-order node to facilitate the retrieval contacts largely through preestablished relationshipbetween a higher-order node and specific items and (b) to retrieve a node for the preceding list for makinga distinction of the current list from the previous. Interitem process predicts that primacy will be affectedby manipulating the compositions of the preceding and following lists as well as the current list. Thesepredictions are supported by the results of three experiments. The obtained findings can be cursorilyexplained by the fundamental assumption that, if an item is covertly retrieved (i.e., rehearsed) in thecontext of having subsequently received many more items, it is more likely to be recalled on a later test.This not only implies the primacy effect but also predicts many apparently contradictory findings.
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