• 作者： 黃光國
• 作者服務機構： 國立台灣大學心理學系
• 中文摘要： 本文的主要目的，是以作者在其《儒家思想及束亞現代化》一書中對儒家「仁、義、禮」倫理體系的分析為基礎，用社會心理學的角度，來說明儒家思想中正義觀的特色。作者認為：儒家的正義標準（義）係建立在「仁」的觀念之上。在儒家「仁、義、禮」倫理體系影響之下，個人傾向於以三套不同的分配和程序正義標準，來和三類不同關係的人交往。由於儒家的生命觀認為：家族的生命應當構成綿延不絕的一脈相承，家庭中的資源分配，應當依照「需求法則」，盡力滿足每一個人的合理需要；其分配的程序，則應當依照「差序法則」，由輩份較高的人作決定。和家庭之外的熟人交往時，往往將對方納入「擬似親族關係」之內，以「差序法則」決定程序，並以「（差序性）的均等法則」分配資源。儒家思想中的君民關係是一種不對等的「工具性關係」，但其理想中的君臣關係卻是以群體之「仁」為基礎的對等性「工具關係」。本文並引介Rawls的《正義論》，來比較東、西文明中正義觀念之差異。
• 英文摘要： The purpose of this article is to elaborate on the concepts of justice in Confucianism by referring to the"benevolence-justice-courtesy" ethical system as it is proposed in the author's book "Confucianism and EastAsian Modernization". According to the author's analysis, the Confucian concept of justice had its root on theidea of benevolence. Confucian ethics request an individual to interact with people of three different categoriesof relationship in accordance with three sets of standards for judging distributive and procedural justice. Hence, Confucianism views an individual as a descendant of his holistic family life; the distribution of re-sources within family should abide by the "need rule" to satisfy every members' reasonable needs. The procedureof distribution should follow the "hierarchical rule", which endows decision making power on persons of seniori-ty. When an individual interacts with an acquaintance, he usually altercastes the other party into "pseudokinshipties" and distributes the resources according to the "hierarchical, equality rule". The relationship between a sover-eign and his subjects was conceptualized as unequivalent "instrumental ties" in Confucianism, but an idealsovereign-minister relationship should be an equivalent one with a common concern about benevolence towardsthe people. The Confucian concepts of justice are compared with the theory of justice as proposed by John Rawlsin order to illuminate the sharp contrast between the Eastern and Western civilization.
• 中文關鍵字： 正義觀; ?仁﹑義﹑禮?倫理體系; 分配正義; 程序正義; 差序法則; 需求法則; 約等法則
• 英文關鍵字： concept of justice; benevolence-justice-courtesy ethical sytem; distributive justice; procedural justice; hierarchical rule; need rule; equality rule