- 作者： 柳榗
- 作者服務機構： 臺灣省林業試驗所
- 中文摘要：
本年度之研究為森林?系型中暖溫帶雨林，熱帶雨林及海岸林諸?系及疏林?系型中熱帶疏林
?系以下各種?落之區分，並對此等?落之組成，結構及演替予以探究。?系之區分乃依據其形相
及生態因素中之溫度為主，蓋溫度乃限制植物種類分佈之主要因子，在?系以下之?落區分則以生
態因素中之光線，濕度及土壤為主要之依據，茲將上述各?系以下之各種?落區分之結果簡列如
下：
一、暖溫帶雨林?系（Warm-temperate rain forest formation）
1.香桂南投黃肉楠黃杞?叢（Cinnamomum randaiense, Actinodaphne nantoensis,
Engelhardtia roxburghiana Association）：本?叢分佈於全省海拔1,600m以下地區。
2.卡氏櫧椎果櫟?叢（Castanopsis carlesii, Cyclobalanopsis longinux Association）：
本?叢分佈上限海拔較前者為高為一基本?叢。
3.椎果櫟南投黃肉楠木荷?叢（Cyclobalanopsis longinux, Actinodaphne nantoensis,
Schima superba Association）：本?叢分佈海拔較低演替尚在緩慢進行中。
4.椎果櫟、香桂、南投黃肉楠?叢叢（Cyclobalanopsis longinux, Cinnamomum randaiense,
Actinodaphne nantoensis Association）：此一?叢與第一?叢相近，但分佈於其上部蓋香桂
之分佈較黃杞為高之故。
5.南投黃肉楠卡氏櫧?叢（Actinodaphne nantoensis, Castanopsis carlesii Associa
tion）：本?叢垂直分佈自800－2,000m間，水平分佈遍及全省，為基本?叢之一，常因局部優勢種
之改變而分化為地域性之?叢。
6.苦扁桃葉石櫟卡氏櫧?叢（Lithocarpus amygdalifolius, Castanopsis carlesii Asso-
ciation）：本?叢分佈於本省中部海拔1,750－2,250m間，因此一地區為苦扁桃葉石櫟主要分佈地
區，故而形成此一?叢或為由前一?叢脫變而形成者。
7.瑞芳楠椎果櫟?叢（Machilus zuihoensis, Cyclobalanopsis longinux Association）：
本?叢記載自東北部海拔700－1,300m間，或為由第一?叢分化之?叢，其主要組成分子中尚有黃
杞，烏皮茶及石櫧，但後二者分佈僅限於北部，故為一地域性之?叢。
8.臺灣二葉松過渡單叢（Pinus taiwanensis Consocies）：本省中部特多，垂直分佈遍及本
?系向上可至2,800m而進入泠溫帶山地針葉樹林?系中。
9.臺灣赤陽過渡單叢（Alnus formosana Consocies）：常見於向陽地溪溝兩岸，分佈遍及全
省。
10.臺灣?樹過渡單叢（Sassafras randaiense Consocies）：主要分佈於中北部，但僅呈小
面積之?落。
11.栓皮櫟過渡單叢（Quercus variabilis Consocies）：主要分佈於中部，常生於火災常發生
之地區限於本?系海拔1,600m以下地區。
12.楓香過渡單叢（Liquidambar formosana Consocies）：生於向陽乾燥地，分佈遍及全
省，但垂直分佈最高至海拔1,800m。
13.鹽膚木過渡單叢（Rhus iavanica var. roxburghiana Consocies）：分佈遍及全省，喜
生於向陽草生地中，但最高分佈僅至海拔1,600m。
14.青剛櫟山漆過渡?叢（Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Rhus succedenea Associes）：常與其
他陽性樹種混生形成二期森林之早期?落。
15.山?肉、九芎、江某過渡?叢（Meliosma rhoifolia, Largerstroemia subcostata, Schef-
flera octophylla Associes）：此一?落最為常見，為二期安定森林?落之前期?落。
16.九芎過渡單叢（Largerstroemia subcostata Consocies）：常生於溪溝附近或草生地及裸
地上，但限於較低海拔地區。
17.臺灣杜鵑、光柄杜鵑過渡?叢（Rhododendron formosanum, Rhododendron ellipticum
Associes）：生於嶺線山脊之酸性土壤中。
18.山胡椒過渡單叢常（Litsea cubeba Consocies）：生於向陽之裸地，分佈於本?系之上部。
19.萱草過渡單叢（Miscanthus sinensis Consocies）：本?叢為本?系主要過渡單叢之一，
亦為二期演替過程中最早之一?落，常形成大面積之?落。
20.玉山箭竹過渡單叢（Indocalamus niitakayamensis Consocies）：本?叢常分佈於本?
系之中上部，其特性與前者相同，唯略好陰濕。
21．肖楠過渡單叢（Calocedrus formosanus Consocies）：生於陰濕溝谷瘠薄地，下期?落
即為安定之暖溫帶雨林。
22.其他竹類過渡單叢（Other Bamboos Consocies）：本省竹類多為栽培者，本?系中野生
者僅見下列三種：
a.內門竹（Bambusa naibunensis）：分佈於屏東。
b.包籜矢竹（Pseudosasa usawai）：分佈於全省各地。
c.臺灣矢竹（Sinobambusa kunishii）：分佈於陽明山、竹仔湖等地。
二、熱帶雨林?系（Tropical rain forest formation）：本省本島之熱帶雨林原始林已無
存在，現所見者僅為二期雨林之早期?落，但蘭嶼之雨林則尚保持完整。
1.白茅過渡單叢（Imperata Consocies）：為二期雨林演替最早期之一?落，但較下一?落為
少，且面積亦較小。
2.萱草過波單叢（Miscanthus sinensis Consocies）：已見諸前一?系中，亦為本?系二期
雨林演替過程中最早期?落之一。
3.山黃麻、白匏子過渡?叢（Trema-Mallotus Associes）：此一過渡?叢為最普通之一種，
亦為二期森林?落中之最早期者。
4.榕樹、山黃麻過渡?叢（Ficus-Trema Associes）：為前一?落之繼起?落。
5.禛楠類榕樹過渡?叢（Machilus-Ficus Associes）：為前一?落之繼起?落，殆已近於極
?社會之?落。
6.白榕、茄苳過渡?叢（Ficus cuspidata-caudata, Bischoffia javanica Associes）：此一
?落演替過程約為與前者相當，但僅見於南部。
7.桫過渡單叢（Cyathea Consocies）：常見於陰濕溝谷地。
8.相思樹過渡單叢（Acacia Consocies）：常生於向陽乾旱之草生地中，為二期雨林演替過程
中較早期?落之一。
9.毛柿單叢（Diospyros discolor Consociation）：或為本省南部早期原始雨林之殘存者，
但僅見於南部。
10.竹類過渡單叢（Bamboo Consocies）：分佈於本?系中者有臺灣矢竹，包蘀矢竹，烏仔
竹，及八芝蘭竹。
11.番龍眼、麵包樹?叢（Pometia-Artocarpus Association）：本?叢為蘭嶼熱帶雨林之極
?社會。
三、海岸林?系（Littoral forest formation）：本?系中之?落因生育地環境因子及組成分
子可分為海岸林與紅樹林二大類?落，其下又可分為各種?落。
1.海岸林（Strand forest）
a.碁盤?、葛塔達木?叢（Barringtonia-Guettarda Association）：為安定之海岸林。
b.水芫花單叢（Pemphis Consociation）：分佈於海水沖擊之珊瑚礁上。
c.白水草單叢（Tournefortia Consociation）：分佈於海水沖擊之珊瑚礁上。
d.草海桐過渡單叢（Scaevola Consocies）：分佈於海岸砂灘地上。
e.林投過渡單叢（Pandanus Consocies）：分佈於海岸沙灘地上。
f.馬鞍藤過渡單叢（Ipomea Consocies）：分佈於海岸沙灘地上。
2.紅樹林（Mangrove）
a.五梨跤過渡單叢（Rhizophora mucronata Consocies）：分佈於高雄。
b.海茄苳過渡單叢（Avicennia marina Consocies）：分佈於高雄。
c.水筆仔過渡單叢（Kandelia candel Consocies）：分佈於臺北。
四、熱帶疏林?系（Tropical savanna formation)：本?系中優勢種之草類為萱草，白茅
及 Rynchospora 分別形成各種之單叢（Consociation）但其中必有散生之灌木及樹木。
五、本省暖溫帶雨林與我國大陸西南部及長江流域之森林殆為相近，此蓋由於植物區系相同之
故，但本省之熱帶雨林，蘭嶼部分則屬於非律賓區系本島部分雖與我國雲南及海南相近，但雲南及
海南則與馬來亞區系較近，而本省則較遠，此乃由於地域性分化之故。本省之紅樹林及海岸林則與
世界各熱帶地區皆為相同，以紅樹林而言、殆與非洲莫三鼻克者完全相同，至於本省之熱帶疏林究
竟是否為氣候性之極?社會（Climatic Climax）則甚難決定。p - 英文摘要： Based on the physiognomic floristic and ecological factors, seven formationsunder three formation types were classified. The classification of the communitieswithin the alpine tundra, and three coniferous formations were completed last year.What are studying in this year is to classify the communities within the warm-temperate rain forest, tropical rain forest, littoral forest and tropical savannaformations. The composition structure and succession of the communities areinvestigated. These communities are identified or classified mainly based on thelight, moisture and edaphic factors of the ecological elements. They are listed asthe follows: Ⅰ. Warm-temperate rain forest formation 1. Cinnamomum randaiense, Actinodaphne nantoensis, Engelhardtia roxburghianaAssociation: Distributed throughout the whole island below the elevation of 1600 m. 2. Castanopsis carlesii, Cyclobalanopsis longinux Association: It is a basicassociation and the vertical distribution is higher than the former association. 3. Cyclobalanopsis longinux, Actinodaphne nantoensis, Schima superba Associa-tion: It might be a seral stage community but almost stable. 4. Cyclobalanopsis longinux, Cinnamomum randaiense, Actinodaphne nantoensisAssociation: A high elevation pattern of the first association, since the verticaldistribution of the Cinnamomum randaiense is higher than Engelhardtia roxburghiana. 5. Actinodaphne nantoensis, Castanopsis carlesii Association: This might be abasic association of this formation. The others might be derived regionally by localspecies into different association. 6. Lithocarpus amygdalifolius, Castanopsis carlesii Association: It is limited incentral part at higher elevation, since Lithocarpus amygdalifolius's distribution. 7. Machilus zuihoensis, Cyclobalanopsis longinux Association: It is recordedfrom northern part since the northern distribution species, Tutcheria shinkoensisand Cyclobalanopsis gilva are in the main composition. 8. Pinus taiwanensis Consocies: Mainly in the central part, extent to the eleva-tion of 2800 m. 9. Alnus formosana Consocies: Widely distributed on landslide area. 10. Sassafras randaiense Consocies: Mainly scattered in the north and centralpart. 11. Quercus variabilis Consocies: Mainly in central part below the elevation of1600 m. 12. Liquidambar formosana Consocies: On sunny dry grassland below the eleva-tion of 1800 m. 13. Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana Consocies: On sunny dry grassland throug-hout the whole island below the elevation of 1600 m. 14. Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Rhus succedenea Associes: Frequently associatedwith other shade intolerance species as an early community of the second growth. 15. Meliosma rhoifolia, Largerstroemia subcostata, Schefflera octophylla Associes:A later stage community of the secondary succession and it is a very common com-munity. 16. Largerstroemia subcostata Consocies: On the bank of creek and river orbare land, it is limited lower elevation. 17．Rhododendron formosanum, Rhododendron ellipticum Associes: Might becalled Rhododendron Consocies. Most on the ridge. 18. Litsea cubeba Consocies: Sunny bare land of higher elevation. 19. Miscanthus sinensis Consocies: The earliest, widest community of thesecondary succession. 20. Indocalamus niitakayamensis Consocies: Same as the former consocies butat higher elevation and more moist area. 21. Calocedrus formosana Consocies: On shady valley poor site and the nextcommunity will be the climax. 22. Other bamboo Consocies: The wild growth only the follow species. a. Bambusa naibunensis: found in Pingtung. b. Pseudosasa usawai: found throughout the island. c. Sinobambusa kunishii: found in Taipei. Ⅱ. Tropical rain forest formation: The virgin tropical rain forest of Taiwanhas been completely destroyed. Only the second growth communities can be found.But there are some virgin tropical rain forest reserved on Lanyu. 1. Imperata Consocies: An early community of the secondary succession. 2. Miscanthus sinensis Consocies: Also found in the last formation. 3. Trema-Mallotus Associes: The earliest forest community of the secondarysuccession and very common on this island. 4. Ficus-Trema Associes: A successional community of the former Associes. 5. Machilus-Ficus Associes: A successional community of the former Associesbut rather near stable condition. 6. Ficus cuspidata-caudata, Bischoffia javanica Associes: The seral stage isabout the same as the former Associes, but limited in southern part. 7. Cyathea Consocies: On shady valley. 8. Acacia Consocies: An early community on sunny dry grassland or bareland, 9. Diospyros discolor Consociation: Might be a remains of the former climaxtropical rain forest, but only found in the south. 10. Bamboo Consocies: The wild growth only Bambusa naibunensis, Bambusapachinensis, Pseudosasa usawai and Sinobambusa kunishii have been found. 11. Pometia-Artocarpus Association: A climatic climax community found onLanyu. Ⅲ. Littoral forest formation: 1. Strand forest: a. Barringtonia-Guettarda Association: A stable community. b. Pemphis Consociation: On coral rock. c. Tournefortia Consociation: On coral rock. d. Scaevola Consocies: On sand beach. e. Pandanus Consocies: On sand beach. f. Ipomea Consocies: On sand beach. 2. Mangrove a. Rhizophora mucronata Consocies: Found in Koashung. b. Avicennia marina Consocies: Found in Koashung. c. Kandelia candel Consocies: Found in Taipei. Ⅳ. Tropical Savanna formation: The dominant grass species are Miscanthussinensis, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii and Rynchospora, but some scatteredshrubs and trees must be in there. Ⅴ. The warm-temperate rain forest of Taiwan is quite similar to the south-west of mainland, it is because that they are belong to the same flora. The tropicalrain forest of the main island Taiwan, is something like Yunnan and Hainan, butthere is a little bit difference. Anyway it is belong to the Malaysia flora. Thedifference probably is due to the regional differentiation. As for Lanyu, the tropicalrain forest is belong to Philippine flora. The mangrove and strand forest are com-mon communities of the tropical regions of Indian and Pacific ocean, even of theworld, since they are, in fact, a part of the strand flora of the warm waters of theworld. It is interested that the composition and the succession of the mangrove ofTaiwan is exactly the same as Mozanbique, Africa. The tropical savanna of Taiwanis hard to say it is a climatic climax.
- 中文關鍵字： --
- 英文關鍵字： --
