• 作者： 黃世琤
• 作者服務機構： 國立中正大學心理學系
• 中文摘要： 本研究主旨在探討兒童區辨表面與在內情緒的能力。研究一主要比較三歲和五歲兒童在指認快樂、平常、和悲傷三種情緒為選項時的差異。結果顯示五歲兒童比三歲兒童較能正確指出故事中人物的真實情緒與外顯表情的區別。研究二比較五歲、二年級、和四年級對六種情緒－即快樂、悲傷、生氣、害怕、厭惡、和平常（中性）－的內在情緒與表面樣子之差異的區辨。結果顯示五歲兒童的區辨能力和二年級與四年級無異。但是，在分析正確反應（即選擇「平常」為表面的樣子，並在正向故事中選擇「快樂」為內在感覺，而在負向故事中選擇「害怕」、「厭惡」、「悲傷」，或「生氣」四者之一為內心感覺）時，發現四年級在正確區辨（一個正向故事和一個負向故事）的表現上，較五歲和二年級的兒童為佳；而二年級則在區辨其中一個負向故事時，較五歲兒童表現為佳。綜合二研究結論指出區辨表面與內在情緒差異的能力的發展，可能受故事中情緒介的數目以及所隱含的情緒類別的影響。
• 英文摘要： Two studies were conducted to examine children's ability to distinguish between real and apparentemotion. In the first study, three- and five-year-olds were compared as to their identification of a prota-gonist's emotion by pointing to pictures of happy, neutral and sad facial expressions. Five-year-olds weremore accurate than three-year-olds at identifying the protagonist's real emotion. In the second study,five-year-olds, second- and fourth-graders were compared in terms of their identification of the five basicemotions-happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust, in addition to a neutral emotion. Results indicatethat five-year-olds could distinguish real from apparent emotion as well as second- and fourth-graders.However, the analysis of correct responses (i.e.,if the subject selected“neutral”as the apparent expressionand“happy”as the real emotion of the protagonist in positive stories, and/or if the subject chose“neutral”as the apparent expression and one of the four negative emotion (fear, disgust, sad, or angry) as the realemotion in negative stories) showed that fourth graders were better at making such distinctions, in bothpositive and negative stories, than five-year-olds and second graders; whereas second graders did better thanfive-year-olds in identifying the difference between real and apparent emotions only in negative stories.The findings of the two studies suggest that the development of understanding the distinction between realand apparent emotions may be influenced by the number as well as the kinds of emotions encountered inthe stories given.
• 中文關鍵字： emotional development; nonverbal; real and apparent
• 英文關鍵字： --