• 作者： 楊坤原、陳建樺、張賴妙理
• 作者服務機構： 1中原大學教育研究所暨師資培育中心; 2桃園縣立大安國民小學; 3中國科技大學通識教育中心
• 中文摘要： 本研究旨在探討問題本位學習對四年級學童的問題解決與批判思考能力之影響，了解實驗組學童在問題本位學習(Problem-Based Learning, PBL)歷程這二項能力的實際表現。本研究選取桃園縣一所小學四年級四個班的學生為樣本，隨機將二班作為實驗組(65人)實施PBL，二班為控制組(65人)接受講述為主的教學。由兩組學生在「新編問題解決測驗」與「康乃爾批判思考測驗(X級)」前後測的統計分析顯示，實驗組的後測得分均顯著高於前測得分(p < .010)且實驗組學童的後測得分均顯著優於控制組(p < .050)。可見PBL能促進學童的問題解決與批判思考能力。各種質性資料分析發現，實驗組學童在PBL結構模糊問題情境的驅使與「解題規劃表」的輔助下，均能透過腦力激盪從多種角度提出導致問題的各種可能原因和解決問題的可行方法，並能反省其在自行設計實驗與決定學習議題所遭遇的失敗或困難而提出可能的克服之道。他們在收尋多種來源的資料後，能主動透過請教他人來確認這些資料的可靠性，也能由資料整理所獲得的科學知識來進行演繹推論。這些結果也反映出PBL可促進學童的問題解決和批判思考能力。
• 英文摘要： The purposes of this study were to investigate problem solving and critical thinking of fourth-grade students who were given Problem-Based Learning (PBL) instruction compared to students who were given a more traditional non-PBL instruction. Four classes of students were selected from a public elementary school in Tau-Yuan county and classes were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 65) and two control groups (n = 65) to implement PBL and lecture-based teaching respectively. The groups of students were tested by the Test of Problem-Solving, Cornell Critical Thinking Test (Level X) and the results from paired t-tests showed that the means of posttests in these two tests for experimental group students were significantly better than those of pretests (p < .010). One-way analysis of covariance found significant differences between the means of posttests in these two tests for experimental group students and control groups (p < .050). These findings suggested that PBL promoted the problem solving and critical thinking abilities of fourth graders. Evidence derived from the qualitative data analysis found that the experimental groups brainstormed the various causes of problems and exercisable problem-solving methods according to the problem scenarios. They reflected how to improve and resolve the difficulties they suffered when designing experiments and determining learning issues. They also actively confirm the reliability of the data collected from different sources and made deductive reasoning based upon the data. These findings suggested PBL was beneficial for fourth graders to develop their competency of problem solving and critical thinking.
• 中文關鍵字： 批判思考、問題本位學習、問題解決
• 英文關鍵字： Critical Thinking, Problem-Based Learning, Problem Solving