• 作者： 莊耀嘉
• 作者服務機構： 國立屏東師範學院初等教育學系
• 中文摘要： 累犯是治安敗壞的主要根源。累犯模式具有三種特色：早發性、持續性與多元性。累犯主要肇因於性格因素或社會因素，是涉及心理學、社會學與犯罪學的重要探討議題。本文以三項研究有系統地檢驗自制力薄弱的「求樂衝動性」（行事欠缺未來考量的放縱求樂性傾），是否為促成累犯的重要性格成因。研究樣本含括就學中的國中生及在監獄服刑之少年犯與成年犯，研究設計兼採同時性與貫時性設計，而累犯指標則含括違犯行為之多寡、犯罪次數、犯罪多元性及出獄後之再犯等。研究結果顯示求樂衝動性與犯罪行為的頻發性、持續性及多元性，有密切而穩定的關連性。本文也探討心理自制力，社會控制（連結）力及差異接觸等三類因素，對於累犯的相對解釋力，結果發現自制力薄弱的性格與累犯之直接關係最為穩定且傾向於最大。文中也討論研究發現對於性格心理學理論、犯罪學理論及犯罪之文化因素的意涵。
• 英文摘要： Three empirical studies were conducted to assess the plausibility of low self-control explanation ofcriminality (Gottfredson＆Hirschi, 1990; Moffitt, 1993; Wilson＆Herrnstein, 1985). Low self-control wasdefined as having the tendency to pursue immediate pleasure without considering the future consequences.A valid scale was constructed to measure the degree of“self-control.”The research samples included juniorhigh-school students, juvenile offenders, and adult prisoners. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal researchdesign were adopted. The frequency and variety of past criminal or deviant behavior as well as the reci-divism after releasing from the jail were used as the indicators of criminality. Regression analyses wereperformed to estimate the explanatory power of the variables which were derived from self-control theory,social-control theory (Hirschi, 1969), and differential association theory (Sutherland, 1934). The overallresults provided strong support for low self-control explanation of criminality. Furthermore, low self-controlwas found to be related to both weak social-control and bad associations, suggesting the possibility thatlow self-control could lead to weak social-control and bad associations. Both weak social-control and badassociations could also contribute to criminality, though their direct effects on criminality were found notto be as robust as that of low self-control. The implications for personality theories, criminological theories,and cultural causes of criminality were discussed.
• 中文關鍵字： 衝動性格; 特質論; 累犯; 犯罪心理; 青少年犯罪; 自我控制論; 社會控制論; 差異接觸論
• 英文關鍵字： --