• 作者： 毛漢光
• 作者服務機構： 中央研究院歷史語言研究所
• 中文摘要： 本文資料出自三千五百餘張唐代墓誌銘。據統計、推算結果，唐代婦女平均出嫁年為15.6，這是在室與結褵的界限；在32.9年時婆卒而主家；在49.3年夫卒而寡居；婦女平均壽命為55.7年。如將全唐分為三期，每期約百年，則初唐婦女壽命為62.1，中唐為53.1，晚唐為48.6，除主家期提早外，其他各期之長短變化不大。唐代婦女在室時期是其今後家庭生活之養成階段，早婚使婦女早日進入夫家，使其調適新環境的時刻提前，可塑性增加，減少因娘家、夫家之間差異所引起的不適，但亦因此使婦女早日步入新家，擔負角色責任。結褵以後，婦女的角色比在室突然增加很多，以家庭、或家族而言，他是主家的接斑人、見習生，婆卒後又成為主家者，夫卒後更成為最重要的尊長者。各個時段的責任逐漸增加，與其角色之功能加重同步，他在家庭、或家族中的地位也隨之增高。每一重要時段除最後寡居時段外，皆有一、二十年時間，因此婦女在角色適應、調整、乃至於學習上，大致是緩和的、漸進的
• 英文摘要： Dates available from 3,500 T'ang dynasty tombs reveal the lifespan of women and the ages at which theyassumed different roles within the family. In terms of mortality, women lived on average to the age of 55.7.However, if we divide the T'ang dynasty into three periods of a century each, the average lifespan for womenwas 62.1 in the first century, 53.1 in the second, and 48.6 in the third. In terms of the roles of T'ang dynastywomen, marriage marked the temporal and spatial divide between a woman's life in her natal home and that ofher husband. On average, a woman entered into the husband's home as a wife at 15.6, was 32.9 when the mother-in-law died and she became female family head, and was 49.3 when widowed and she became the sole familyhead. Except for an earlier age for becoming female family head in the last century, the ages at which womenassumed their various roles remained about the same across the three centuries. The above dates suggest some conclusions about the family and women in the T'ang dynasty. A womanwas raised in her natal home. Her early marriage meant, however, that she entered the new environment of herhushand's home when still quite young, and therefore more mallable. While this increased her ability to adjust toher new family, it also meant that she had to suddenly assume her new role and its increased responsibilities in anew family and at a young age. Also, T'ang dynasty women were trained in their husband's family and clan tofirst succeed their mother-in-law as female family head，and then their husband as family head, with a woman'sstatus within the family rising with succession to each new role. Except for the final phase as a widow, a womanserved in each of her roles from 10 to 20 years. Her training for these roles should have been gradual, and thetransitions to them smooth.
• 中文關鍵字： 唐代; 婦女; 家庭; 角色; 壽年; 主家; 結搞; 出嫁年
• 英文關鍵字： --