• 作者： 葉俊榮
• 作者服務機構： 國立台灣大學法律學系
• 中文摘要： 近年來，以索賠為訴求內容的環境糾紛在全省各地湧現。有鑑於居民動輒要求高額的金錢給付，政府乃聲明環境權不容買賣，學界也有相同的主張。然而，究竟所謂環境權的內涵為何，禁止其出賣的理論依據何在，不論在學界或實務界都仍難以釐清。本文從資源使用衝突的觀點，借用Calabresi ＆ Melamed所發展出的法律雙重判斷，運用經濟效率、分配正義等衡量標準，探究「出賣環境權」在處理資源使用衝突關係中，諸多決策選項的合理定位。尤其將以五輕的協商與回績基金為背景，釐清環境糾紛中補助、捐助、道義賠償、回饋、敦親睦鄰等作法的名實問題，並作制度設計上的建議，用供將來處理類似問題的參考。本文主張，所謂「環境權」應指法律上（非憲法上）對資源使用衝突關係所判定的環境「優勢」，就其內容，非無成為協議與交易標的的可能。甚至於，在許多場合，環境「優勢」的轉讓，反能增進經濟效率或分配正義。一味在道德理念或政治立場上堅持不能「出賣環境權」，卻於實際上規避「交易」的本質，而作法律關係的操控，並一再於個案中信誓旦旦地表明「下不為例」，非但昧於實際，且無以累積案例經驗，更無法形成制度，以合理地處理日益嚴重的資源使用衝突關係。
• 英文摘要： Environmental disputes resulting in compensation have become common across Taiwan. Faced with excessiveclaims in such disputes, government authorities have pronounced that environmental rights are inalienable, a posi-tion which is supported by prior academic literature. And yet, the content of environmental rights and therationale for their inalienability have not been properly dealt with by either government authorities or academics. Applying the two-order decision analytical framework developed by Calabresi and Melamed, and also employingsuch evaluation criteria as economic efficiency and distributive justice, this paper seeks to locate inalienability ofenvironmental rights in the context of a decision-making framework which leads to conflict resolution in resourcemanagement. This paper，in particular, introduces and examines government payments to local residents for theestablishment of the Fifth Naphtha-Cracking Plant. The author argues that environmental rights at the statutory level (as opposed to the constitutional level) shouldbe defined as prevailing positions provided by law in the use of resources such as water and air. On various occa-sions, however, these prevailing positions should not be prohibited from transactions. Quite to the contrary, insome circumstances transactions on the prevailing positions may enhance economic efficiency or distributive justice.Both the ad hoc nature of government actions as well as the disparity between official pronouncement, inaliena-bility of environmental rights, and their actual operation in making payments to local residents when constructionis undertaken are detrimental to Taiwan's institutionalization of dispute resolution in resource management.
• 中文關鍵字： 環境; 污染; 環境權; 禁止轉讓; 環境優勢
• 英文關鍵字： --