• 作者： 徐泓
• 作者服務機構： 國立台灣大學歷史學系
• 中文摘要： 永樂年間（1402-1424）戶口移徙，有數據可考者有552,409人，實際人數應在百萬以上。移徙的主要目的在復興靖難之役戰火波及地區的經濟，以狹鄉之民墾荒于寬鄉，其中以山西人民移徙北京地區與山東為主。移徙的另一股主力，係移徙各地（以南京為主）富戶填實北京。而遷謫罪犯與移山東、山西、湖廣民戶，前往隆慶州、保安州等邊塞地區，也是為了鞏固北京地區的國防。此種移徙人民的政策相當成功；因此「自是以後，移徙者鮮矣」。本文旨在分析移徙政策的背景與目的，說明其種類、規模和路線，討論其成效和影響，並試估移徙戶口的數量。
• 英文摘要： Internal migration is a social phenomenon. Owing to the difficulty in improving their lives, people fromhigh population density areas, are attracted to a less densely populated areas, where they presumably might ob-tain better opportunities. But in traditional China, besides this kind of free migration, there was also some forcedmigrations. During certain dynasties, in order to meet some immediate problems, the central government wouldmake some internal migration plans, and compel its subjects to migrate accordingly. During the Yung-to period (1402-1424), forced migration reached a climax again. Right after Chu Ti es-tablised his empire, he initated migration plans and enforced them upon his subjects. To some extent, one canfind few parallels in Chinese history. With a close look at the Veritable Records of Ming Dynasty, evidently shows that the migration policy ofChu Ti was more or less proceeded concurrently with his effort to settle problems which confronted the Empire.His migration policy can be divided into three purposes: (1) Migration for resettlemet of war-devastated regions, (2) Migration to restrengthen the frontiers, (3) Migration to increase the prosperity of the capitals. Among these three, the first one was the most important. According to the Veritable Records, during theYung-to period, at least 552,409 people, the total migration figure may up to one million, were forced to move.Chinese people tended to be rooted in their homeland. To be forced to leave their homes, in spite of good rewards,was miserable experience. To comfort themselves, many memoirs and ballards were popular among migrants, re-flecting the deep sorrow they endured. To overcome reluctance to migrate, the Ming government often offered them generous travel expenses, agri-cultural tools, oxen and seeds, arable lands, and the privilege to be immune from taxation for at least three years.For some of the landless poor, such governmental provisions provided a better opportunity to obtain a better life. The routes of forced migration, during the Yung-to period, were various. Sometimes, the Mongols, theJurchens, and the Muslims were forced to move to the south, such as to the Nanking region. At other times, peoplefrom China proper were forced to move to the Northern frontiers or the southwest for the consolidation of thenational defense. In addition, there was interregional migration between Shansi and Shantung, Honan and Pe-king area, and between Nanking and Peking. All in all, it was actually an extensive national mobilization ofman-power. Such migration was by no means popular among the people. In the long run, however, it provided preciousopportunities for people from different places to exchange customs and languages. Therefore, they gradually be-came committed together to a new life. Judging with political concerns, forced internal migration policy duringthe Yong-to period, might be counted as successful. At least it helped the Ming Empire repair the destruction ofthe Ching-nan Civil War.
• 中文關鍵字： 移妝; 狹鄉; 寬鄉
• 英文關鍵字： --