- 作者: 張漢音
- 作者服務機構: 新加坡國立大學社會學系
- 中文摘要: 長期以來,犯罪社會學領域的規範派與理性選擇派兩者之間水火不容,各分西東。這種分割是人為的,阻礙了研究的發展,其根基乃在於認識的不妥。為了消除這種二元分割的局面,本文通過改造Piliavin等學者的初級研究模式,提出了一個開放型的多層次解釋行為取向的模式,即新理性選擇模式,亦可稱之為「主觀行為經濟模式」。這個模式認為,個體的興趣和利益包含以自我為中心和以他方為中心(亦曰「道德性」)這兩個部分。在具體的形式和內容方面,個體的種種興趣和利益(例如日食三餐和遵守規範)雖然差別巨大,但是擁有主觀抽象價值這一共同基礎,因而對其份量可以據此作出相對比較。所謂主觀抽象價值就是行為者的各類利益在其心目之中所分別占有的抽象重要性(或重要意義)。新理性選擇模式假定,主觀性行為經濟的傾向人皆有之:人們在進行行為思考時,總是力圖最大限度地滿足個體興趣和利益的需要,即從主觀角度謀取行為的最高預期抽象淨值;這一行為原則與四個層次的條件因素之間的互動,決定行為者在特定場合關於合法或違法性行為的選擇取向;決定犯罪率的高低和犯罪的種類;也決定犯罪分子作案的非連續性和體面人士偶爾違法的可能性。基於行為經濟傾向的恆定特征,這意味著能否對越軌犯罪實行有效的社會控制完全取決於能否卓有成效地左右四個層次的條件因素。與現有的兩類理論模式相比,新理性選擇模式擁有更強的理論解釋能力和更廣闊的研究空間。為了衡量這個模式的總體正確性或有限正確性,本文提出了三類檢驗方法,包括以主觀抽象價值這一概念為基礎的總體檢驗法。
- 英文摘要: There is a long-standing division between normative and rational choice approaches incriminology. The division is artificial and counterproductive, as it is grounded upon inadequateconceptualization. To terminate this dualism, an open-boundary multi-level explanatory modelhas been constructed by transforming Piliavin et al's elementary model. In this new model, self-interests are specified as including both self-and other-centered (moral) interests. I arguethat despite their enormous differences in concrete form and substance (e.g., consuming foodvis-a-vis observing norms), self-interests are comparable on the basis of their subjective abstractvalue, which can be defined in terms of their abstract importance or significance to the actor.I hypothesize that human beings have a universal tendency to maximize self-interests in reflectedactions-i.e., to maximize their anticipated net abstract value of such actions-from their ownpoint of view. I further hypothesize that interactions between this kind of subjective rationality(i.e., subjective behavioral economy) and four orders of conditional factors account for phenomenawhich include the actor's situational choice between legal and illegal alternatives, rates and varietyof crimes, discrete illegal involvement of‘criminals’, and the occasional‘drifting’of respectablesinto committing criminal offenses. I propose that effective social control of deviance and crimesis nothing more than intelligent manipulation of the four orders of conditional factors, sincesubjective rationality is a constant. Major advantages of this model over the two conventionalapproaches (for example, its expanded explanatory power and broadened research space) arediscussed. Three types of tests-including overall testing on the basis of the concept of“subjec-tive abstract value”-are suggested for assessing the model's general or conditional validity.
- 中文關鍵字: abstract value; self-centered interest; other-centered interest; subjective rationality; conditional determinant
- 英文關鍵字: --