- 作者: 林滿紅
- 作者服務機構: 中央研究院近代史研究所
- 中文摘要: 全文首先在郊商涵義方面指出:以往學者大多因為郊商在台灣各大城鎮的活躍地位而忽略他們有很多是「家在大陸而店在台灣」的大陸籍商人。往來兩岸的船隻主要是由他們所製造、所經營,承購兩岸貿易品的資金很多是由他們所提供。在日治之前,郊商對於兩岸的直接貿易有著高度的壟斷權。其次,在1909年至1990年間有十位研究郊商的學者,認為郊商在西力東漸之後因為不敵西力競爭,加上郊商本身的腐化而告衰弛。本文指出以往學者所用來說明清末台灣郊商衰微的證據多半是十九世紀上半葉的證據。事實上,十九世紀上半葉的中國曾經受到世界性經濟蕭條的波及,台灣也連帶受到影響,而在咸豐後期一直到光緒二十年間(約當十九世紀下半葉),郊商即使有港口淤積的問題,就整體而言(個別商家之起伏及短期波動不包括在內),無論就其往來於兩岸之間的帆船數,在台灣沿岸城市所設的郊行數目,或是台灣與大陸之間的進出口商品數量而言,都有所增加。郊商在商業管理方面也有若干現代化發展。此時台灣郊商更為擴張也與世界性經濟大致較為景氣有關。以往有學者認為台灣的郊商在西力東漸之後轉而依附於英國資本之下,或台灣與大陸的關係因此而告式微。實則,清末台灣郊商的資本非常倚重大陸上的山西票號與錢莊資本;清末台灣由對外貿易所賺取的財富也可以購買更多的大陸物資。郊商與清朝官僚體系又有密切的非正式關係。這些發展使清末的兩岸政治經濟關係更為加強而非式微,也可以印證晚近越來越多的世界經濟史學者所說:亞洲內部貿易在西力東漸以後更為擴張,中國商人在東亞海域之內舉足輕重。但是就清末台灣郊商的興衰看來,亞洲內部貿易在西力東漸以後並不完全都在擴張之中,它還受到世界經濟起伏的影響而有所起落。台灣與若干世界經濟史學者所觀察到的東亞或西印度洋一些個案一樣,在西力東漸以後發展對以歐美為中心的世界資本市場及對本國資本市場的雙重依附關係,而與拉丁美洲、中東、部分非洲等資本原較薄弱地區,在西力東漸以後發展對英美資本的絕對依賴關係有所不同。
- 英文摘要: Previous researchers have claimed that guild merchants trading between Taiwan and Main-land China during the Qing dynasty declined from the 1820s to 1895 due to Western competition,the merchants'own internal corruption, and the silting of harbors used by junks. in this paper,I point out that most of the evidence that previous studies relied on was based on early nineteenthcentury observations-made during a time when both Taiwan and the Mainland were hit hardby a worldwide recession. Actually, the later part of the century was marked by an economicboom, especially from the late 1850s to the 1880s; despite Western competition, guild merchantsprospered during that time. Though some guild merchants trading to Taiwan during this period were dependent in-directly on Western capital following Western penetration into Asian countries, a lot of themwere more dependent on Chinese capital provided by the Shanxi and other native banks-thusdeveloping a case of dual-dependency. A number of recent studies have stressed the increasein intra-Asian trade as an offshoot of Western penetration; Chinese merchants often constitutedthe dominant force behind the movement of goods between Asian countries. The prosperityof guild merchants trading from mainland to Taiwan in the late nineteenth century serves asone example. Trade across the Taiwan straits, while, further shows its fluctuation together with the worldeconomic cycle around 1850 and the later collapse of the guild merchants trading from mainlandto Taiwan together with the Qing government with which they had intimate informal relationship.
- 中文關鍵字: 台灣郊商; 大陸資本; 傳統商人; 兩岸經貿關係; 開發中國家之雙重附屬關係; 亞洲內部經濟關係
- 英文關鍵字: --