• 作者： 曾富生; 李茂昇
• 作者服務機構： 國立中興大學糧食作物研究所
• 中文摘要： 大豆有限型及無限型各三個品種，播種於春、夏、秋三個栽培季節及45 cm × 20 cm，45 cm× 10 cm，45 cm× 5 cm三個栽培密度。分析有限型與無限型品種間，栽培季節間及栽培密度間產量形成過程之變異，其結果如下： 生育日數之變異，發現始花日數、莢開始形成日數、開花終止日數、結實日數、成熟日數及全生育日數，兩型品種在春作生長之生育日數最長，秋作最短，而不受栽培密度之影響。始花期及莢開始形成期以無限型品種較早，且開花期、結實期與有效充實期均較有限型品種為長，開花終止期兩型品種間無顯著差異。 節數、分枝數在不同季節下兩型品種均無一定規則。而莢數、株高及產量則呈夏作最高，春作次之，秋作最低。株高隨栽培密度之增加而增高外，其他性狀均以20 cm栽培密度最高，5 cm為最低。株高及節數以無限型品種較高且多，其他性狀則以有限型品種多。始花時之株高及節數以有限型品種較高且多，但開花後株高及節數增加量卻以無限型品種較大，有限型品種節數則不增加，此仍顯示無限型品種在開花後仍繼續生長分化。 生育期間黃葉及落葉佔總葉數百分比，以夏作最大，秋作次之，春作最小；且5 cm栽培密度最大，10 cm次之，20 cm最少。同一生育日數時之落葉數以無限型品種較多，相反的，同一生理狀態時期則有限型品種落葉較多。 依Richards（1969)生長模型公式推測之乾物生長模型、葉重、莖重、莢重、粒重及總重呈夏作最重，春作次之，秋作最輕；20 cm栽培密度最重，10 cm次之，5 cm最輕及有限型品種大於無限型品種之趨勢，但夏作兩型品種的總重則不呈明顯之差異。就生長方式而言，莖重葉重偏重於營養生長的前期；莢及子實則偏重於生殖生長中後期。 生育期問乾物生長量與成熟時乾物生長量百分比：有限型品種在始花時，莢開始形成時及開花終止時以秋作達最高百分比，春作次之，夏作最低。結實期間者則以春作最高，夏作次之，秋作最低。但無限型品種除始花時呈春作最高，秋作次之，夏作最低及結實期間呈夏作最高，春作次之，秋作最低外，其他時期之乾物生長量分配百分比均與有限型品種有同樣之傾向。至於栽培密度問之變異，兩型品種在始花時及莢開始形成時均隨栽培密度之增加而減少，而結實期間者則相反。但開花終止時以10 cm達到最高百分比，5 cm次之，20 cm最低。在始花時及莢開始形成時之乾物生長量為有限型品種大於無限型品種，但開花終止後及結實期間則呈相反之結果。 不同生育期兩型品種乾物質生長量之分配率，發現營養器官乾物質生長量之分配率在全生育期以葉部最高，葉柄及莖次之，分枝最少，但在栽培季節問及栽培密度間則表現不明顯。一般春、夏兩作的莖，三期作的葉柄，分枝及開花終止後葉之分配率呈有限型品種大於無限型品種，開花結束前之葉及秋作莖之分配率，則以無限型品種大於有限型品種。生殖器官乾物質生長量之分配率變化，在生殖生長期之季節及栽培密度間沒有一定之變化規則，兩型品種間莢，子實以無限型品種分配期間長而高。同時褻現營養器官乾物質生長量隨生育日數之增加而直線下降，而生殖器官乾物質生產量則直線上升，前者呈有限型品種大於無限型品種，後者則呈相反現象。 生長介量與生長函數在生育期問之變異，兩型品種在栽培季節問之AGR，CGR，LAI呈夏作最大，春作次之，秋作最小之傾向。NAR夏作最低，但春、秋兩作差異不明顯。RGR亦無區別。在栽培密度下，AGR隨栽培密度而遞減，LAI呈相反之趨勢。CGR則以5 cm栽培密度最高，20 cm及5 cm則不呈明顯之差異。RGR在密度間亦沒有明顯之差異。兩型品種閒除夏作開花終止時之CGR，無限型品種大於有限型品種外，三期作之AGR及CGR在生育期間均呈有限型品種大於無限型品種，且最大值均在開花終止時。RGR與NAR之變化，除RGR在開花終止後有限型品種大於無限型品種外，整個生育期間RGR與NAR均以無限型品種較高，兩者最大值發生在生育初期。LAI在秋作的始花時，莢開始形成時及開花終止時呈無限型品種大於有限型品種，開花結束後之秋作及春、夏兩作的全生育期均以有限型品種比無限型品種高，最大值亦發生在開花後。 生長僭能在不同栽培季節下各性狀表現並不一致。在不同栽培密度下，總重、子實重及莢重在5 cm栽培之下具最高潛能，20 cm最低；莖重、葉重及葉面積卻呈相反現象；兩型品種間莢重及子實重以無限型品種比有限型品種具有更高之生長僭能，而總重、莖重、葉重及葉面積卻呈相反之傾向。同時開花後無限型品種須更多的同化產物供給營養生長及供給子實之乾物量形成。試驗結果並顯示春、秋兩作之莢，子實及莢殼重在無限型品種較早進入非同調生長之現象。夏作則兩型品種同時進入非同調生長，而子實及殼卻以有限型品種較早進入非同調生長。
• 英文摘要： To investigate the factors influencing theaccumulation of dry matter in relation to yield,three determinate and three indeterminate typesof soybeans were sown in spring, summerand fall with 45 × 20 cm, 45 × 10 cm, 45 × 5 cmplanting densities. All varieties in spring had the longest grow-ing period, shorter in summer and the shortestin fall, and the growing periods were not affectedby plant desities. Indeterminate soybeans hadfewer days to reach the stage of initial floweringand to the beginning of pod development thanthe determinate soybeans. But there was nosignificant difference between two types at theend of flowering. Except the number of branches and pods,the number of petioles and nodes on main stem,plant height and seed yield were the highest insummer crop, followed by spring and fall cropsin both types. Planting density of 45 × 20 cmgave the greater values in all agronomic traitsand 45 × 5 cm the lowest. However, plant heightincreased in proportion to the increment ofplanting density. Determinate type showedhigher and greater value in all agronomic traitsthan indterminate type except plant height andnode number of main stem, indicating that in-determinate type had continued to grow afterflowering, but the determinate type had not. Leaf senescence and abscission percentageof total leaves during the entire growing periodwere the largest in summer crop, followed byfall and spring crops, and the percentage wasincreased with planting spacing. Under thesame physiological conditions of growth stagesthe determinate type had more senescence andabscised leaves than the indeterminate type.However, the reversed was observed if onlygrowth stages was considered. According to the growth pattern equationof Richards (1969), the dry weight of leaves,stem, pods, seeds and the total dry weight ofplants grown in summer were the highest, fol-lowed by spring and fall. The dry weight at45 × 20 cm planting density was the highestwith 45 × 5 cm the lowest. The dry weight ofdeterminate type also showed a tendency to begreater than that of indeterminate type. Theanalysis of the growth pattern of dry matterindicated that stem and leaf growth was moreconcentrated in the early vegetative stages. Thegrowth of pods and seeds was more in the laterreproductive stages. At the stage of initial flowering, beginningpod development and at the end of floweringperiod, the determinate type had the highestpercentage ratio of dry weight to final dryweight in fall crop, with the spring crop nextand summer crop the lowest. However, atfilling stage, the ratio was the highest in springcrop, followed by fall and summer crops. Thepercentage ratio of dry weight of indeterminatetype showed similar trend as the determinatetype, except at the initial flowering stage whenthe ratio was the highest in spring crop, secondin fall crop and the lowest in summer crop, andthe pod filling stage when the ratio was higherin summer crop, lower in spring crop and lowestin fall crop. Comparison of the variations for plantingdensity of two plant types showed that plantsof 45 × 5 cm planting spacing had the highestdry weight percentage, followed by 45 × 10 cmand 45 × 20 cm at initial flowering and beginningpod development stages. Plant spacing of 45 ×10 cm had the highest dry weight percentage,second in 45 × 5 cm and the lowest in 45 × 20 cmat the end of flowering, but the dry weight val-ue was higher in 45 × 20 cm and followed by10 cm and 5 cm at the pod filling period. Thepercentage of dry weight to final dry weight atinitial flowering and beginning pod developmentstage of the determinate type was greater thanthe indeterminate type, but the result was viceversa after end of flowering and pod fillingperiod. The distribution ratio of vegetative drymatter was highest in leaves, lower in petiolesand stem, and the lowest in branches. Nosignificant difference was found among cropseasons and planting densities. In general, thedeterminate type had higher dry matter distribu-tion ratio in stems for the spring and summercrops, and higher ratios in petioles and branchesfor all three crop seasons. After flowering, thedistribution ratio of leaves was also higher indeterminate type. Indeterminate type had higherdistribution ratios in leaves before the end offlowering and in stem for fall crop. The distri-bution ratios of reproductive materials changedirregularly with different growing periods, cropseasons and planting densities. The distributionperiods in pods and seeds of the indeterminatetype were longer than those of the determinatetype. Studying the distribution percentage onvegetative materials, it was found that thevegetative materials decreased, and the repro-ductive materials increased as the growth periodincreased. The proportion of vegetative materialsin total dry weight was greater in the indeter-minate type. Considering the variations in growth para-meters and growth functions at different growthstages, the results were indicated by absolutegrowth rate (AGR), crop growth rate (CGR),leaf area index (LAI) which were the highestin summer, lower in spring and the lowest infall crop. Net assimilation rate (NAR) was thelowest in summer and there was no significantdifference between spring and fall crops. Re-lative growth rate (RGR) did not differ muchamong crop seasons. Under different plantingdensities, AGR was the highest at 45 × 20 cmplanting distance, lower at 10 em、and lowest at5 cm and LAI showed a reversed trend. CGRat 5 cm planting distance was highest and thedifference of CGR between 20 cm and 10 cmwas not significant. NAR at 20 cm plantingdistance was highest, the difference between 10cm and 5 cm was not significant. RGR atthree planting densities was not significantlydifferent among each other. Except CGR ofindeterminate type was greater than that ofdeterminate type after flowering in summer, theAGR and CGR of the determinate type weregreater than those of indeterminate type. Atthe end of flowering, both AGR and CGRshowed the highest values. RGR and NAR ofthe indeterminate type were greater than thoseof the determinate type during Lhe whole grow-ing period, except RGR at the end of flower-ing stage. RGR and NAR had the highestvalue at, early growth stage. In different crop seasons, various charactershad different conservation energy. Conservationenergy of total dry weight, seed weight and podweight exhibited the maximal level at 45 × 5 cmand the minimal level at 45 × 20 cm spacing.Conservation energy of stem weight, leaf weightand leaf area showed the maximal values atplanting distance of 45 × 20 cm, followed by45 × 10 cm and 45 × 5 cm. The conservationenergy of pod weight and seed weight in inde-terminate type was higher than that of deter-minate type. However, the reversed was foundfor the total dry weight, stem weight, leaf weightand leaf area. More assimilating product wasnecessary for the vegetative growth of indeter-minate type after flowering and dry mattertranslocated to seeds was more in indeterminatetype than determinate type. Pod weight and total dry weight of indeter-urinate type showed allometric growth earlierthan those of determinate type did in springand fall crops, but both types reached the allo-metric growth at the same time in summer crop.On the other hand, seed weight and pod wallweight of determinate type reached the allometricgrowth earlier than those of indeterminate typein summer crop.
• 中文關鍵字： --
• 英文關鍵字： --