• 作者： 曹逢甫
• 作者服務機構： 國立清華大學語言學研究所
• 中文摘要： 本文先採用社會一語意成素分析來研究中國話裡親屬稱謂的重疊現象，如哥哥，弟弟等的用法。然後用語言顯著理論來分析重疊現象的含意為何。 首先，我們提出一套可以用來分析所有重疊稱謂的語意成素並討論其必要性。語意成素中有些是成階層分佈的，如〔＋男性〕，〔＋長〕及〔＋1輩〕；也有些不是如此的，如〔＋男性〕，〔＋較本人年老〕。我們可以設定冗贅律來表達前面一類成素間的關係。 我們進一步把這些成素列成一流程圖，來模擬設計使用這些稱謂時的流程。我們也附帶討論了這些重疊稱謂被延伸使用於非親屬的情形，然後我們建立兩條語言顯著原則：詞素多的稱謂較詞素少者為顯著；詞素數目相同時以所加詞素在構詞及語音上較複雜者為顯著。和林美蓉（1983）所發現的一樣，我們也有理由認為資料中語言顯著和說話者所感受的生理及社會－心理距離成正比。我們於是進一步檢視在中國傳統的大家庭裡，這種“親疏”距離代表什麼意義。 我們的給論是，語言的確反映社會現象，也因此我們有必要檢視一下中國傳統的大家庭日漸演變成現代的小家庭時，語言是不是也跟著變。我們發現這種現象長時期來看是有的，但語言的變遷通常要落後許多。
• 英文摘要： This paper employs a componential socio-semantical approach with linguistic marking theoryto analyze reduplication in Chinese kinship terms-as exemplified by gege (older brother), andjiujiu (mother's brother), and to determine what it means. First, I propose and justify a setof features necessary for analyzing this semantic sub-field within the larger field of all Chinesekinship terms. Some of these features stand in a hierarchical relationship, such as【±ELDER】and【±】ASCENDING GENERATION】, while others do not, such as 【±MALE】and【±OLDERTHAN EGO】. Redundancy rules are then posited to account for each hierarchical type ofrelationship. We then place these features in the form of a flow chart in order to simulate, to the extentpossible, the process of language use involving these terms. The extended use of these terms innon-familial situations is then discussed. Two linguistic marking principles in morpheme addi-tion and complexity of added morphemes are then postulated. In line with Lin's (1983) findings, linguistic marking in our data is seen to be closely related to the speaker's perception of biologicaland socio-psychological proximity. Socio-psychological closeness (qin) is then examined in thebroader context of Chinese society and culture. Finally, I give an example of how change insocial structure is reflected in the change of linguistic structure, although the latter change seemsto be much slower.
• 中文關鍵字： kin term reduplication; componential analysis; linguistic marking principles; biological and socio-psychological proximity; social change and linguistic change
• 英文關鍵字： --