- 作者: 許倬雲
- 作者服務機構: 匹茲堡大學歷史學系
- 中文摘要: 本文概要,在於說明中國古代,國家權力逐漸增長的過程。在國家沒有成形以前,人類已有小型的群體組織,例如地緣組織、親族,凡此都可稱為「原群」,其成份通常具有高度的同質性。商代的國家組織並不發達,上述的原群實為國家的基礎。周代以親屬封建,國家的上層與原群的社會實相重疊,不過諸侯的封國之內,因為有統治者與被統治者的多層結構,國家之內,社會始呈現異質性。春秋戰國時代,社會趨於複雜化,代表財富、知識與影響的社會力量興起。異質的社會,可稱為複群的社會與國家權力之間始有求取彼此平衡的需要。即使秦是專制集權,也不得不尊重富人,漢初亦然。是以《史記》有貨殖、游俠、刺客諸傳,以誌政治權力以外的諸種社會權力。漢文以後,景、武兩世,打擊社會權力,不遺餘力,終於消滅以城市為基地之工商業及民間領袖。嗣後則是以地方農村為基地之士大夫宗族,成為代表知識的社會權力主流。士大夫在朝為官吏,在野為地方領袖,於是國家與社會之間呈現一種亦分亦合的辯證關係,頗符合黑格爾以為國家與社會之間為一連續體之觀念,(但國家未必是社會的理性化),而不是近世以為國家與社會為對抗體之觀念。正因為社會的組成以地方宗族為基石,中國古代社會遂具有濃重的原群特性,而不能發展複群特性,也因此不易發展以交換為原則的公眾空間。
- 英文摘要: This paper gives an account of the gradual growth of state power in ancient China. Even before a state was formed, there were small social groups (such as kinship groups), ater to be called "primary”communities (or gemeinschaft), with rather high levels of homo-geneity. The Shang period witnessed the shaping of a state, with primary communities suchas i (local groups) and tsu (kinship groups) as its fundamental components. Western Choufeudalism was built upon the kinship structure of the royal house; therefore, at its upper staturethe state and the primary gemeinschaft overlapped, and were even at times identical. However, within Chou vassal states (which consisted of multi-level relationships among the rulers), thesociety was a gesselschaft which demonstrated complexity and heterogeneity. During theCh'un-ch'in and the Warring-States period, new social forces representing wealth, knowledge, and other influences arose to make the society more heterogeneous. Struggles to reach a balancebetween state and society increased; even the despotic First Emperor of the Ch'in had to givedue respect to wealth. The early Han Emperors did likewise, so that the Grand Historian in-cluded in the Shih-chi biographies of wealthy persons and influential community leaders-bothof whom represented social forces which did not exist during the feudal period. Both Em-perors Ching and Wu asserted great effort to destroy such forces up to the point where thesepotential challengers to the authority of the throne were virtually eliminated.As those urban-based social forces of wealth and other influences were reduced to a minimum,the largerural-based families of prominent gentry or scholar-officials became the main-stream socialforces.Most of these people were related to government service;their relationship with thegovernment was dialectical-as both participants in and critics of government power.ProminentHan local families probably held a society/state continuum relationship with the government(as described by Hegel),although the Chinese State was by no means a rationalization of thesociety. The Chinese case is quite different from the previously-given proposition that the stateand society confronted each other. Because ancient Chinese society was supported by localgentry families, it always displayed characteristics of gemeinschaft-like primary group of homo-geneity. Perhaps due to this very reason, ancient Chinese society could not develop intoheterogeneous gesselschaft-like complexity. Likewise, there was no Habmasian "public sphere”which was built upon an interflow of resources via the free exchange of materials as well asopinions.
- 中文關鍵字: 國家(state); 社會(society); 原群(primary group; gemeinschaft); 複群(complexed group; gesellschaft)
- 英文關鍵字: --