- 作者: 王鴻楷; 洪啟東
- 作者服務機構: 國立台灣大學建築與城鄉研究所
- 中文摘要: 中國大陸自1978年經濟改革開放迄今,沿海城市經濟快速成長是有目共睹的,而且城鎮的土地利用、集體消費設施與社會形貌等之變遷速度也異常驚人。本文企圖從上海的學校(中學)與工業用地(電表廠)的機能轉換案例,說明其都市空問結構當遭遇外來資本大舉叩關和城市內在的經濟、行政體制的調整時,在九○年代如何改變了「經改」前之指令性計畫城市的容貌。換言之,上海原本計畫經濟體系下之「條(中央部門經濟)塊(政府機關單位)」的資源行政體制,受到社會主義制度之財政和福利包袱的箝制,當經濟改革開放發動之際,在「發展是硬道理」的意識型態主導下,一連串的都市政策(諸如:土地有償使用、土地級差地租、簡政放權等)改造了上海的城市地景與空間利用。這樣的空間轉化經驗與土地利用演變過程,無論是在學理和現象觀察上,都與習見的資本主義城市發展經驗,或原同屬社會主義的蘇聯皆有明顯的差異,值得我們關注探究。 本文共分為三個部分:首先為研究現象的觀察與描述,探討影響上海近年空間變遷的原因;其次描述電表廠與學校等個案的用地機能轉變過程,藉此交代空間變遷過程;最後,我們試圖釐清上海空間結構的變遷機制並提出結論。
- 英文摘要: Since the start of the great economic reform in 1978, Shanghai's land development and the spatial pattern of land-use resulting from it have gone through a tremendous transformation under the tidal wave of marketization. The struc-tural and locational reshaping of spatial use and the release of old institutional sites for more economically intensiveusage has been an essential element of this amazingly complex process. This paper reports on two empirical case studiescarried out on PL High School and the Shanghai Electrical Instrument Works. We try to show how (in addition to thecity's policies of industrial relocation) the new systems of compensated land-use rights, the decentralization of admin-istrative powers among the city and district governments, as well as the reform of state-owned enterprises have togetherdictated the decision-making by entities such as the works and the school system, thus profoundly affecting land devel-opment behavior and real estate markets in Shanghai. We believe that, to the extent these institutional and administrativeconditions exist, this pattern of decisional behavior is also true for other regions and types of land-controlling agents insocialist China. There are three main parts in this paper. First, we state our observations and discuss factors that influence thepresent change of space use in Shanghai; then the cases studies on the sites of the works and the school are presented;finally, we try to articulate on the complicated mechanism which underlies the phenomenal spatial transformation nowtaking place in Shanghai.
- 中文關鍵字: 中國大陸; 工業再區位化; 土地發展; 市場化; 上海; 社會主義城市
- 英文關鍵字: China; industrial relocation; land development; marketization; Shanghai; socialist city