• 作者： 任宗浩
• 作者服務機構： 國立台灣師範大學科學教育所
• 中文摘要： 本研究探討心智模式的變化過程以及心智模式對於訊息選取和訊息知覺的影響。整個研究包含兩個實驗，實驗一採用晤談的方式進行。六位受試者﹙國三學生、高三學生以及大學一年級的學生各兩名﹚以放聲思考的方式解釋研究者所提供的物理現象，過程中允許受試者操弄實驗。所獲得的口語資料以原案分析的方式進行編碼，兩位編碼者的一致性為93%。結果顯示心智模式可能的改變過程包括︰(1)放棄原有的心智模式並以新的模式取代；(2)增加或刪除某些變數或約束條件﹔(3)增加週邊理論以解釋不同的現象﹔(4)合併不同的理論。實驗二利用實驗研究法，進一步確證實驗一對於心智模式可能影響知覺和對訊息選取的推論。131位國中三年級的學生經由隨機分配分成對照組(32 人)以及三個實驗組(A 、B 、C ，每組33 人)。受試者觀察實驗一的物理現象，並紀錄其觀察到的細節。三個實驗組的學生在進行觀察之前，分別閱讀有關該現象不同的解釋模型，對照組的學生則直接進行觀察活動。結果發現︰(1)對照組受試學生平均觀察到的細節比實驗組多，且達顯著差異(p<.01)；(2)對照組和不同實驗組的受試者觀察到某些特定現象的人數比率有顯著差異(p<.05)，顯示實驗組的學生對於現象的觀察和知覺，受到他們在觀察活動之前所閱讀模型的限制和引導。
• 英文摘要： This paper explored (1) the dynamic processes of mental modeling from a phenomenological standpoint, and (2) the effects of mental models on the perception of information. The study included two experiments. In experiment 1, six subjects were investigated through interviews. In order to elicit the subjects' mental models, they were required to explain a physical phenomenon by thinking aloud. Two coders analyzed the verbal protocols, and the inter-rater reliability was 0.93. Results indicated that the subjects' mental models could evolve through (1) abandoning the primary models and replacing with other models, (2) adding or deleting variables and constrains, (3) developing branching theories, or (4) reconciling different theories. Experiment 2 confirmed the conclusion in experiment 1, which suggests that mental models might influence the perception of information on top-down processes. One hundred and thirty one students were randomly assigned into a control group (N = 32) and three experimental groups (N = 33 for each). The subjects were asked to observe a physical phenomenon, which was the same as in experiment 1, and to record whatever they saw. Before starting to observe, subjects in each experimental group were asked to read one of the three different readings, which were provided as explanatory models for the observed phenomenon. The subjects in the control group were required to describe what they saw directly without any previous reading. Results indicated that (1) the subjects in the control group recorded significantly more details than those who were in the experimental groups (p < .01), and (2) there was were significant differences between the percentages of subjects from different groups who observed some certain phenomenons (p < .05). The mental models formed by subjects confined and guided their perceptions and selections of information.
• 中文關鍵字： 心智模式；高層次知覺理論；推理；動態過程
• 英文關鍵字： mental models, high-level perception theory, reasoning, dynamic process